Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɪrlənd/ ( listen), locally [ˈaɾlənd]; Irish Irish is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now only spoken natively by a small minority of the Irish population but also plays an important symbolic role in the life of the Irish state, and is used across the country in a variety of media, personal: Éire Éire (pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ) is the Irish name for the island of Ireland and the sovereign state of the same name, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots Ulster Scots generally refers to the dialects of Scots spoken in parts of Ulster. Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent – where lexical items have been re-allocated to the phoneme classes that are nearest to the equivalent standard classes – a situation equivalent to that of: Airlann, Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. Romance languages such as Italian, French, Catalan, Romanian, Spanish, and Portuguese are descended from Latin, while many others, especially European languages, have inherited: Hibernia Hibernia is the Classical Latin name for the island of Ireland. The name Hibernia was taken from Greek geographical accounts. During his exploration of northwest Europe , Pytheas of Massilia called the island Ierne (written Ἰέρνη). In his book Geographia (circa 150 AD), Claudius Ptolemaeus called the island Iouernia (written Ἰουερνία) is the third-largest island Categories: Lists of islands | Geography of Europe | Islands of Europe | Lists by area | Europe-related lists in Europe Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains, the Kuma-Manych Depression, and the Black Sea to the southeast. Europe is washed and the twentieth-largest island This is a list of islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2,500 km² , and several other islands over 500 km² (193 square miles). For comparison, continental landmasses are also shown in the world.^[2] It lies to the north-west of continental Europe Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European islands and, at times, peninsulas. Notably, in British and Irish English usage, the term means Europe excluding the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, the Republic of Ireland and Iceland. One and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets As suggested by its origin as islette, an Old French diminutive of "isle", use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability. To the east of Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea The Irish Sea also known as the Mann Sea or Manx Sea, separates the islands of Ireland and Britain. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean in the south by St George's Channel, and in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man, is the island of Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 59.6 million people, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its. Politically, the sovereign state of Ireland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɪrlənd/ , locally [ˈaɾlənd]; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is an independent state in north-western Europe. The modern sovereign state occupies about five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned on 3 May 1921. It is a parliamentary democracy and a republic. It is bordered by Northern (described as the Republic of Ireland)^[3] covers five-sixths of the island, with Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is a constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and is situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting between a quarter and a third of the (part of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with) covering the remainder in the north-east.

The first settlements in Ireland date from 8000 BC. By 200 BC Celtic migration and influence had come to dominate the island. Relatively small scale settlements of both the Vikings and Normans Norman invasion – Sieges of Dún Béal Gallimhe (1230-47) – First Áth-na-Rí (1249) – Creadran Cille (1257) – Druim Dearg (1260) – Callann (1261) – Áth-an-Chip (1270) – Connor (1315) – Kells (1315) – Skerries (1316) – Second Áth-na-Rí (1316) – Dysert O'Dea (1318) – Faughart (1318) – Ardnocher (1329) – Fiodh-an-Átha in the Middle Ages gave way to complete English domination by the 1600s The Tudor re-conquest of Ireland took place under the English Tudor dynasty during the 16th century. Following a failed rebellion against the crown by the Geraldines in the 1530s, Henry VIII was declared King of Ireland by statute of the Irish parliament, with the aim of restoring such central authority as had been lost throughout the country. Protestant English rule resulted in the marginalisation of the Catholic majority, although in the north-east, Protestants were in the majority due to the Plantation of Ulster The Plantation of Ulster was the organised colonisation (or plantation) of Ulster by people from Britain. Private plantation by wealthy landowners began in 1606, while official plantation controlled by the monarchy began in 1609. All land owned by Irish chieftains the Ó Neills and Ó Donnells (along with those of their supporters) were. Ireland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927. It was formed by the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland, with Ireland being governed directly from Westminster through its Dublin Castle administration in 1801. A famine The Great Famine was a period of starvation, disease and mass emigration between 1845 and 1852 during which the population of Ireland was reduced by 20 to 25 percent. Approximately one million of the population died and a million more emigrated from Ireland's shores. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato in the mid-1800s caused large-scale death and emigration. The Irish War of Independence The Irish War of Independence was a guerrilla war mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). It began in January 1919, following the Irish Republic's declaration of independence, and ended with a truce in July 1921. The subsequent negotiations led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which ended British rule in ended in 1921 with the British Government proposing a truce and during which the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Anglo-Irish Treaty , officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and representatives of the de facto Irish Republic that concluded the Irish War of Independence. It established an autonomous dominion, known as was signed, creating the Irish Free State The Irish Free State (1922–1937) was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by the British government and Irish representatives exactly twelve months beforehand. This was a Dominion A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of semi-autonomous polities that were nominally under British sovereignty, constituting the British Empire and British Commonwealth, from the late 19th century. They included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State. After 1948, the term was used to within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown.^[4] Northern Ireland, consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties The counties of Ireland are land divisions, formed following the Norman invasion. Between the late 1190s and 1607, the island of Ireland was divided into thirty-two counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom.^[5] The Free State left the Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Nations, often referred to as the Commonwealth and previously as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-three independent member states. Most of them were formerly part of the British Empire. They co-operate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration to become a republic in 1949 The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 is an Act of the Oireachtas which declared that the state, Ireland, is a republic and that the President of Ireland has executive authority of any executive function of the state or in the external relations of the state. It repealed the External Relations Act, 1936 which had declared that Edward VIII, of United. In 1973 both parts of Ireland joined the European Community The European Economic Community (also referred to as simply the European Community, or the Common Market in the English-speaking world) was an international organisation that existed between 1958 and 1993 which was created to bring about economic integration (including a single market) between Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the. Conflict in Northern Ireland The Troubles was a period of ethno-political conflict in Northern Ireland which spilled over at various times into England, the Republic of Ireland, and mainland Europe. The duration of the Troubles is conventionally dated from the late 1960s and considered by many to have ended with the Belfast Agreement of 1998. Violence nonetheless continues on led to much unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s, which subsided following a peace deal The Agreement, also known as the Belfast Agreement or the Good Friday Agreement (Irish: Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta), and occasionally as the Stormont Agreement, was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most in 1998.

The population of the island is slightly over 6 million (2006), with 4.5 million in the Republic^[6] and an estimated 1.75 million in Northern Ireland.^[7][8] This is a significant increase from a modern historic low in the 1960s, but still much lower than the peak population of over 8 million in the early 19th century, prior to the Great Famine The Great Famine was a period of starvation, disease and mass emigration between 1845 and 1852 during which the population of Ireland was reduced by 20 to 25 percent. Approximately one million of the population died and a million more emigrated from Ireland's shores. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato.^[9]

The name Ireland derives from the name of the Celtic goddess The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved, shorn of its religious meanings, in medieval Irish literature, which represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. Although many of the manuscripts have failed to survive, and Ériu In Irish mythology, Ériu , daughter of Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann, was the eponymous matron goddess of Ireland. Her husband was Mac Gréine (‘Son of the Sun’). She was the mother of Bres by Prince Elatha of the Fomorians (in modern Irish Irish is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now only spoken natively by a small minority of the Irish population but also plays an important symbolic role in the life of the Irish state, and is used across the country in a variety of media, personal, Éire) with the addition of the Germanic The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a word land. Most other western European names for Ireland, such as Spanish Spanish or Castilian is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade in the Iberian peninsula. It was taken most notably to the Americas, and also to Africa and Asia Pacific with the expansion of the Irlanda, derive from the same source.^[10]

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